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In patients with sickle cell disease or G6PD deficiency, infection with parvovirus B19 is particularly concerning because it can lead to an aplastic crisis. Parvovirus B19 specifically targets and destroys erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow, which are responsible for red blood cell production. In individuals who already have compromised erythropoiesis, such as those with sickle cell disease or G6PD deficiency, this viral infection can critically reduce the production of red blood cells.

An aplastic crisis is characterized by a sudden decrease in red blood cell production, leading to a rapid drop in hemoglobin levels and worsening anemia. This can result in significant clinical symptoms, including fatigue, pallor, and potentially more severe complications.

While hemolytic anemia is associated with sickle cell disease and G6PD deficiency, it is not specifically precipitated by parvovirus B19 infection. Pleurisy and pneumonia are also not direct consequences of a parvovirus B19 infection. Understanding the specific impact of parvovirus B19 on erythropoiesis highlights why aplastic crisis is the outcome of concern in these groups of patients.